The Relationship Between Sport and Tourism Essays

The Relationship Between Sport and Tourism Essays The Relationship Between Sport and Tourism Paper The Relationship Between Sport and Tourism Paper The relationship between sport and tourism In order to understand the meaning of sport tourism, firstly we need to understand the term sport and tourism. Generally, sport can be defined as â€Å"all forms of physical activity which, through casual or organised participation, aim at expressing or improving physical fitness and mental well-being, forming social relationships or obtaining results in competitions at all levels† (Council Of Europe, 1992). Having said that, sport is actually a form of activity that is participated by people and it involves not only the participant but also other people. As for tourism, the World Tourism Organisation (WTO) (2000) defined it as â€Å"activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes†. In this case, both sport and tourism is seen as a form of travel from one place to another. For instance, most sport nowadays involves a considerable amount of traveling to play and compete in different destinations and countries. Other than that, there are also people that travels for the purpose of visiting sports attraction such as stadiums, sports museum and also sports hall. Nowadays, sport and tourism can be seen as an inseparable phenomenon and sport tourism itself is considered to be the fastest growing sector of the tourism industry. However, the definition of sport tourism varies among people, until now, there still has not been a standardize definition for it. Over the years, there have been attempts to define it; for instance (Weed et al, 1997). As such, Standeven and De Knop (1999, p. 2) defines sport tourism as, â€Å"All forms of active and passive involvement in sporting activity, participated in casually or in an organized way for non-commercial or business/commercial reasons, that necessitate travel away from home and work locality†. Therefore, it is known that sport and tourism relates to one another, as also stated by Hinch and Higham (2001) that â€Å"sport tourism is a sport-based travel away from the home environment for a limited time, where sport is characterised by unique rule sets, competition related to physical prowess and play†. Furthermore, they also added that sport is considered to be â€Å"a significant travel activity, whether it is a primary or secondary feature of the trip†. According to Keller (2001), â€Å"the relationship between sport and tourism can be traced back to the ancient Olympic Games†. This is when all the people in the earlier days travelled to the olympic site just to attend the hallmark event. However, according to Delpy (1998), â€Å"high numbers of travellers searching for active and passive involvement in sports are of more recent origin†. The factors resulting to this trend is because there is an expanding demographic profile of participants in sports (Glyptis, 1989), increased demand for active engagement in recreational pursuits while on holiday (Priestley, 1995), and a growing interest in the prominent roles played by sports and sports event in urban renewal and urban imagery, and potential to leverage tourism opportunities associated with sports events (Getz, 1998). Other than that, sport tourism can be categorized into three types of tourism. According to Gibson (2003, pp. 07), â€Å"there is the active sport tourism where participants travel to take part in sport, event sport tourism where participants travel to watch the sport, and also nostalgia sport tourism where participants visit sports related attractions such as halls of fame, famous-stadia or sports-themed cruises†. Furthermore, active sport tourism consists of the active sport tourists, an individual who takes part in sport while on holiday. Gen erally, the sport that is usually related to this type of sport tourists are golf, skiing, swimming, tennis, and sailing. Moreover, the active sport tourist can be breakdown into three more categories; De Knop (1990) states that, â€Å"they are the pure sport holiday, where the primary purpose is to take part in sports such as skiing or golf; the vacation, in which sport is not the primary purpose but individuals make use of the sports facilities in their vacation locale; and the private sporting holiday, where people take part in informal pick-up games such as beach volleyball†. This is important because it means that the sport tourists differ from one another. This also suggests that they require different type of motivations for their choice of sports to participate in. The types of facilities offered, the course’s degree of challenge and also the pricing is considered to be the motivation for most sport tourists. As such, most resorts, clubs, and other hospitality industry try to offer the best facilities in order to attract this type of tourists. Other than that, a research on a cross-country ski and walking event in Japan identified that the reason of being healthy,fit and also â€Å"for the love of sport† are also considered motivational factors (Nogowa, Yamguchi, and Hagi, 1996). As have been said before, event sport tourism consists of participant that travels to watch the sport event. According to Delpy (1997), the experience of â€Å"being there† is considered to be the motivation for most event sport tourists. For instance, the experience of attending the Olympic Games differs from the experience of by just watching the games on television. The main point to be discussed here is that the event sport tourists is responsible in benefitting the host community. This is because most of this event sport tourists are not only from the local community, but comes from all around the world. For instance, when the 2006 Fifa World Cup was hosted, it consisted of 32 national teams representing their country. Thus, there were 31 different countries in Germany at that time and each of the country represents a group of event sport tourists in support of their national team. Having said that, Germany as the hosting country benefited from the Fifa World Cup because a large amount of money were spent by those event sport tourists while there were in Germany. It means that there were increased in economic perspectives when Germany hosted the Fifa World Cup. As for nostalgia sport tourism, it consists of nostalgia sport tourists visiting stadiums, halls of fame, and sports museum. The main purpose of their visit is to experience the place by themselves; such as the stadiums. For instance, taking the Old Trafford Stadium as an example; this type of tourist is a hardcore supporter of the Manchester United team, and only have watched the team playing through the television, thus the â€Å"feeling† of being there have developed. Therefore, it has been decided that this tourist has to visit the Old Trafford Stadium in order to get the maximum satisfaction. As we know it, sport and tourism relates to one another because it works both ways. For instance, if an individual wants to go skiing and there are no skiing facilities around, that individual has to travel to a destination which provides the facilities. Apart from that, when the sport tourists travel to another country, at the same time it boosts the country’s tourism sector. Thus, the country’s economy also increases. This is because when the sport tourists travel, they will not only use the sport facilities, but also uses the other facilities such as the accommodation, public transport, local restaurants and so on. Nowadays, most countries see sport and tourism as a way to develop and to improve the country. For example, the hosting of a mega-event such as the Olympic Games or World Cup. For years, â€Å"competition to host mega-events, such as the Olympic Games, has been intense and huge amounts of money are spent bidding for these events† (Jennings, 1996). It is known that by hosting this type of events, the hosting country will have impacts from it, through economically and also socially. Thus, cities all over the world are working hard to win the bidding process. However, even before the results of which city will be hosting the mega-event is decided, the process of bidding has already impacted the cities that is taking part in the bidding process. By taking the Olympic Games as an example, the cities that are running for the bidding process have to prove to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) that they are capable of hosting such events. This is done by making sure that they are able to provide the facilities such as the stadiums, accommodation and public transport that is needed. Therefore, in order to provide this kind of facilities, the cities have to redevelop themselves and this usually involves high costs. The costs of building and upgrading existing infrastructures often becomes a major concern for the local communities. This is because the taxpayer’s money is being used and often the infrastructures that is build for the purpose of hosting the mega-event are not fully utilized after the event. Furthermore, it is known that the mega-event will generate revenue and contribute major benefits to the hosting cities,region and countries. This is because the mega-event will attract a substantial domestic and also international tourists. Other than that, this is also an opportunity for the host’s country to promote their culture and image as a country. Other impacts of hosting such event are the host community will have an increased in tourism sector, increased tourist knowledge of the country, and the urbanisation of cities. However, there are also the negative impacts of hosting such event, for instance investment in non-needed structure, temporary crowding in cities, increase in crime and also increased in property rental. Thus, it is very important for the host community to properly manage and plan the mega-event as have been argued by Roche (1994) that, â€Å"mega-events tend to be short lived but have long-term consequences for a community that may not always be positive†. There have been a lot of research on the link of sport and tourism, however, it has always been focusing on one dimensions of sports tourism; for instance â€Å"holidays involving sport either as participant or as spectator† (Weed and Bull, 2004). To begin with, it has been identified that there are wo types of sport-related tourism, such as a destination that is using sport to develop their tourism identity and also where the tourism of a destination is develop unintentionally because of the sport activities. This has further been concluded by Gammon and Robinson (2003) that â€Å"sport and tourism is not just about the management and operation of mega-events, it also concerns offering consumer-specific sports and tourism-related services and experiences†. One of the sport that is related to this kind of phenomenon is golf. For most of the golf enthusiast, the sport; golf is considered to be a form of sport-related tourism. This is because the participants tend to travel to other parts of the world just to experience the different types of courses. As stated by Hall (1992), â€Å"golf tourism is considered a major tourism activity both as a direct form of special interest travel and as an adjunct to other forms of travel†. Research on golf tourism has estimated that â€Å"there are over 60 million golfers across the world† (Readman,2003). As such, it can be concluded that golf as a form of sport-related tourism represents the largest sport-related tourism sector. For over decades, golf has been considered as a sport that is played and enjoyed by most people as a past time activity and golf does not have a specific age group of participant. Therefore, it is not surprising that the popularity of golf has grown so fast and the influx of tourists to international golfing destinations has also grown substantially. Furthermore, this type of sport tourist; known as golf tourist can be categorised into three generic types, consisting of the avid golfer; this type of golf tourist is known to travel with golf as the primary focus of the trip and usually prefers world-class golf courses and facilities. Secondly, there is the business traveller golfer; they known to be the business people which put golf as a secondary option, usually playing golf when the resort provides such facilities. Lastly, there is the family golfer or according to Golf 20/20 (2004); known as â€Å"occasional golfer†. This type of golf tourist is known to consider golfing as an activity while travelling but is not likely to choose the travel destination based on the golf courses that is provided. This type of golf tourist also prefers travel destination which provides â€Å"family-oriented activities† (Tassiopoulos Haydam, 2007). However, according to Weed and Bull (2004), golf tourists are categorised by their â€Å"behaviours and motivation and identified as experienced and learner participant†. Moreover, the involvement of the golf tourist are often associated by the type of golf courses provided; the degree of challenge, the uniqueness of the course. All of this are taken into consideration when golf tourists are to planned their travel golfing destination. For some golf tourists, such as those from United States, United Kingdom and Europe; they tend to travel to other places such as the Caribbean due to seasonal factors. This is because places such as the Carribbean has good weather all-year round unlike those in the United States, United Kingdom and Europe. Thus, the Carribbean are taking this as an advantage to promote their tourism in terms of sport-related. Other than that, as for the golf tourists from Korea; the motivation for them to travel is because â€Å"Korea does not have the sufficient golf courses to meet the demand of golf tourists† (Golf Course News, 2003). Furthermore, other motivation for the golf tourists is that it is relatively more cheaper to play golf at other golf destinations compared to in Korea. Despite all of it, there are concerns about the lack of integrated practice and policy among sport and tourism agencies (Gibson, 2001). This is because most sport and tourism agencies lack the coordination in developing policy for sport tourism. Both agencies treat sport and tourism as a separate activity; while both are relatively connected to each other. As stated by De Knop (1990), â€Å"the lack of an integrated sport tourism policy is common throughout the world†. He further stated that without an adequate policy, conflicts of interest among various departments, agencies, ministries, bureau will become more common. Other than that, there are also growing concerns about the effects of sport tourism to the environment. This is because most sport-related tourism requires an area in which needed to be developed before it can be utilized. There is also the concern of maintaining the sport destination. For example, in order to build a golf course, firstly you need have a huge amount of undeveloped land. Therefore, the impact of building a golf course on the environment are the destruction of natural habitat and also deforestation. Apart from that, the sport; ski also contributes in effecting the environment. This is because it is effecting the natural wildlife in the Alps. Therefore, this kind of environmental impacts of sport-related tourism shows that there is a need at a certain level to coordinate and to develop an integrated policy before it is too late. In conclusion, over the past years, there have been alot of research on the relationship of sport and tourism, especially in trying to give sport tourism the proper definition. Whether it is called sport tourism, sports tourism, sport and tourism; all of this are actually just a terminology that have been adapted throughout the years by academic scholars. Therefore, it is important for those scholars to actually conceptualize a thorough definition of the term sport tourism; not as two different sector but as one. Thus, further analysis on sport tourism has to be researched by the academic scholars. In terms of the types of sport tourists that has been identified, it is important to know what actually motivates them in choosing their travel destination in relation of their sport activities. This is because in order for the tourism sector to fully utilize the facilities that they provide, they have to take the sport tourists set of thinking into consideration. As have been said before, the relationship of sport and tourism are interrelated to each other, because without the sport tourists, the tourism industry will not be able to benefit from it. The development of a country also depends on this sport tourists; thus it is important for the local government to coordinate with the tourism agency in order to gain the economical benefits. As have been stated, the sport tourism sector plays an important role in developing such a nation. However, it is also important for the country to properly plan and manage their tourism sector, in this case, when a country is trying to bid for a mega-event, they have to take everything into consideration, even the smallest things. This is so that a positive outcome will be achieved rather than a negative outcome. However, one thing that needs to be taken seriously when trying to develop the tourism industry is the environment. Due to the lack of policy coordination, the environment has to suffer and this has to be taken seriously by the local government agencies. To finish off, there are more sections on sport tourism that needs further research on; future studies should include an in-depth look on the needs, motivational perspectives, and the behaviours of sport tourists. This is so that sport tourism will continue to grow and hopefully it will be a more supportive sector in developing a country.

List of Death Quotations From Shakespeare

List of Death Quotations From Shakespeare Shakespeares tragedies have some deeply moving death-quotes. His quotations on death bring tears rolling down the cheeks. The sadness in the quotes moves you so much that you feel as though you have experienced a great loss. Here is a page of some of Shakespeares most moving death quotes. A Midsummer Nights Dream, Act V, Sc. IThis passion, and the death of a dear  friend, would go near to make a man look sad.Hamlet, Act V, Sc. IIThis fell sergeant, death,Is strict in his arrest.Hamlet, Act II, Sc. IIThey are the abstract and brief chronicles of the time: after your death, you were better have a bad epitaph than their ill report while you live. Hamlet,  Act III, Sc. I For in that sleep of death what dreams may come,When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,Must give us pause. Julius Caesar, Act II, Sc. IICowards die many times before their deaths;The valiant never taste of death but once.Julius Caesar,​ Act II, Sc. IIWhen beggars die, there are no comets seen;The heavens themselves blaze forth the death of princes.King Henry IV. Part II, Act I, Sc. III were better to be eaten to death with a rust than to be scoured to nothing with perpetual motion.Macbeth, Act V, Sc. VTo-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow,Creeps in this petty pace from day to day,To the last syllable of recorded time;And all our yesterdays have lighted foolsThe way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle!Lifes but a walking shadow.Macbeth, Act V, Sc. VIThose clamorous harbingers of blood and death.Othello, Act II, Sc. IIf after every tempest come such calms,May the winds blow till they have wakend death!The Merchant of Venice, Act IV, Sc. II am a tainted wether of the flock,Meetest for death: the weakest kind of fruitDrops earliest to the ground. Twelfth Night, Act III, Sc. IVOut of the jaws of death. Measure for Measure,   Act III, Sc. 1  If I must dieI will encounter darkness as a bride,And hug it in mine arms. Richard II, Act III, Sc. IIWoe, destruction, ruin, and decay;The worst is death, and death will have his day. Romeo and Juliet,  Act V, Sc. IIIEyes, look your last!Arms, take your last embrace! and lips, O youThe doors of breath, seal with a righteous kissA dateless bargain to engrossing death. Cymbeline,   Act IV, Sc. 2Golden lads and girls all must,As chimney-sweepers, come to dust. Henry VI, Part III, Act V, Sc. 2My sick heart showsThat I must yield my body to the earth,And, by my fall, the conquest to my foe.Thus yields the cedar to the axes edge,Whose arms gave shelter to the princely eagle;Under whose shade the ramping lion slept:Whose top-branch overpeerd Joves spreading tree,And kept low shrubs from winters powerful wind.

Contracting and procurement methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Contracting and procurement methods - Essay Example Both products have considerable support from the user community, with Globalupgrades' support somewhat higher among the user community. It is proposed that bids be invited from Worldviewupgrades as well as other product companies for e-mail upgrade software. It is also proposed that the competitive bids be reviewed, a product chosen, and a written contract signed with the selected bidder after negotiation. The contract administration would commence after award of contract. This stage would involve managing the contract and relationship with the chosen product company, reviewing and documenting its performance, and implementing required corrective actions. Upon completion of the implementation, the contract will be closed after resolution of all open items. The primary scope of work involves installation of e-mail upgrade software in the server for access of the 15,000+ employees of ODHS. The vendor shall also ensure that users' existing e-mail data shall be accessible using the new software. The software shall be suitable for working in a Local Area Network (LAN) environment. It should support internet browsing, and should allow construction of database on the software platform. The upgraded software should have multi-user capability with simultaneous use by 30,000 users. Currently about 15,000 users shall use it, but it should be expandable to 30,000 users. The software should work on the existing hardware platform without any changes. The vendor shall study the hardware system in detail to ensure that this criterion is met. Qualification criteria: The upgraded software proposed by the vendor should have at least three installations where it has successfully worked for at least 12 months. The vendor should have the financial capability of implementing a project of this magnitude. Acceptance test: The upgraded software shall be accepted subject to a Quantified User Acceptance Test. Performance warranty: The software shall be guaranteed against performance problems for a period of 18 months. Any problems during this period shall be rectified by the vendor at no additional cost. Penalty: For delay in implementation, penalty shall be charged at the rate of 0.5% of the value of the contract for every week of delay or part thereof subject to a maximum limit of 5% of the contract value. Additionally, the vendor shall provide service support at no additional charge for the existing e-mail software in case of delay in implementation for reasons owing to the vendor. Indemnification: Vendor shall certify that the upgraded software does not violate any patent rights. In case of any dispute, the vendor shall indemnify ODHS regarding any litigation and intellectual rights. Support: After sales support for the upgraded software shall be made available by the vendor for at least 5 years. Taxes & Duties: The price quoted by the vendor shall be

Sherlock hectives of holmes is a better detective then piorot and Essay

Sherlock hectives of holmes is a better detective then piorot and spade other detectives of his times - Essay Example Hercule Poirot was a Belgian detective who appeared in Agatha Christie’s novel Murder on the Orient Express to investigate the murder of a gangster named Ratchet or Cassetti. The case seems to be very confusing as some obscure clues are found during the investigation. The victim, Cassetti had previously murdered three members of the Armstrong family and their worker. As the case progresses some shocking things reveal which seem to involve thirteen of the passengers including the conductor in the murder of Cassetti. Poirot however does not inform the police about those guilty as he feels that they are justified. Samuel Spade, more commonly known as Sam Spade, appeared in The Maltese Falcon by Dashiell Hammett who was consulted by Miss Wonderly to follow Floyd Thursby who is later murdered shortly after Sam Spade’s partner, Miles Archer. It is then revealed that Miss Wonderly lied to Sam Spade and is found to have been guilty for the murders along with other players who a re trying to acquire the Maltese falcon. All the detectives differ in the style in which they approach the investigation and various cases however Sherlock Holmes of all seems to have a far more organized and scientific method of analyzing clues (Ginzburg and Davin, 6-7). Sherlock Holmes seems to have great observation and this is illustrated in A scandal in Bohemia when Holmes tells all the details about Dr. Watson when they meet (Doyle, A Scandal in Bohemia, 3). Holmes accurately identifies how Dr. Watson wanted to be a practicing doctor but could not due to the wound he got during his participation in the Afghan war. Also, that Dr. Watson got himself wet and that his servant girl does not do her work well. Holmes seems quite shocked as this true but he does not understand how Holmes was able to tell because he changed his clothes after the walk in the country (Doyle, A Scandal in Bohemia, 3). In The Red Headed League as well, Holmes demonstrates an excellent observation as he cor rectly identifies that Mr. Wilson was a laborer, takes tobacco, is a freemason, etc (Doyle, The Read Headed League, 3). He also deduces some important details from the hat in The Blue Carbuncle (Doyle, The Blue Carbuncle, 9). Holmes cleverly observed the minor details of cases so as to efficiently analyze clues to determine meaningful answers to the crimes. This method of noticing minor details was developed by Giovanni Morelli in art history (Ginzburg and Davin, 7). Hercule Poirot seems to be a very competent detective as he effectively speculates the clues so as to determine all the players in the murder of Cassetti. Poirot often has to interview the witnesses in order to gather information and does not rely much on observation of evidences and clues (Christie, 41). Sam Spade, on the other hand, does demonstrate critical thinking which helps him resolve the case regarding the murder of Archer and Thursby however he does not reflect superb observation skills in terms of clues (Hamm ett, 115). While every detective correctly investigated the cases which they are consulted to solve, there are some major differences in the style of investigation among the various detectives. Sherlock Homes presents a very effective method of information collection and evidence interpretation using an excellent observation. At many instances Dr. Watson seems to be surprised at Holmes’

Statistical Analysis of Train Arrival Times

Statistical Analysis of Train Arrival Times Introduction In carrying out this project, the Researcher will be able to provide the reader with the findings of the project works through the use of Class Material and Statistical Data collected which was conveyed using the real-time analysis and Irish Rails Annual Report. In doing so, this will establish in short the output response by way of the trains arrival time. In addition, producing regression analysis graphs in terms of Null and Alternative Hypotheses being asked and relayed through the workings of Minitab (ANOVA (one way factor) will determine the P-value by way of the design of the experiment (DoE) The project will be focusing on the requirements set under the Public Service Contract between the National Transport Authority and Iarnrà ³d Éireann Concerning Compensation for Public Service Obligations pursuant to Dublin Transport Authority Act 2008 (as amended by the Public Transport Regulation Act 2009) and EC Regulation 1370/2007, Schedule B Performance Obligations of Iarnrà ³d Éireann to complete this project (Irish Rail 2017). This report will provide key information to be documented and relayed throughout this project, such as: Describing the process you are analysing, generically and technically. Designing an experiment that will allow you to determine the effect of the factor on the output response, run the experiment and gather the data appropriately and taking into account Sample size, Randomization, Independence and Previous results available. Providing statistical analysis of the experiment and describing the statistical evidence collected, in terms of Null and Alternative Hypotheses Show results of your experiment. In particular, does the factor affect the output response? Does your assumption, statistical and technical, seem reasonable for these data collected? Identify one area of weakness in your study and/or your results and suggest how a new study could investigate it to improve the performance of the process.      Ã‚   (Luu ,2017) In completion of this project the research hopes to reach an agreement based on the train time performance obligations against the researchers real-time data collected. This in turn has given rise to the question being asked by way of the Null and Alternative Hypotheses. In doing so it produces findings by way of graphs which focus on the residual analysis produced and P-value based on Irish rails 95% confidence requirement. Thereafter, determining the level of compliance being corresponded by Irish rail against real-time analysis output response carried out over a two week period. Results were achieved through the use of Irish Rail real time software application. Finally, the researcher himself has an added interest in the findings as he has spent the last 5 years using the service from Dublin to Galway and Galway to Dublin collectively and is fully aware of post -arrival time delays and their add -on effects that he has endured on arriving at his final destination and the knock on effects interlinked. Irish Rail company profile Iarnrà ³d Éireann is a service that provides passengers and freight rail services both intercity and regional services. Operating between Dublin, Belfast, Sligo, Ballina, Westport, Galway, Limerick, Ennis, Tralee, Cork, Waterford and Rosslare, Europort and Iarnrà ³d Éireann jointly operates the Dublin to Belfast Enterprise service with Northern Ireland Railways.( Irish Rail 2017) In addition the DART service operates between Greystones and Howth/Malahide. It also runs a commuter service in the Dublin area between Gorey, Drogheda, (Irish Rail 2017) Performance obligation punctuality and reliability Track Records Punctuality is set by the National Transport Authority (NTA) for all routes which regulates Irish Rails performance rates. Punctuality is defined as on time or within 10 minutes of arrival times. Delays outside of Iarnrà ³d Éireanns control are trucks hitting bridges or extreme weather conditions such as snow or fog (Irish Rail 2017). The NTA performance reports under the Public Service Obligation contract is measured against Iarnrà ³d Éireann punctuality records. This excludes delays as stated above and figures are independently verified by the NTA. Reliability simple put is whether the train operates or not. Train performance in terms of punctuality and reliability Galway to Dublin track performance results 2016 Period Dates Punctuality Reliability 01 Jan 01 to Jan 31 95.1% 100% 02 Feb 01 to Feb 28 96.4% 100% 03 Feb 29 to Mar 27 96.8% 100% 04 Mar 28 to Apr 24 94.9% 100% 05 Apr 25 to May 22 95.4% 100% 06 May 23 to Jun 19 95.5% 99.38% 07 Jun 20 to Jul 17 94.4% 100% 08 Jul 18 to Aug 14 94.3% 100% 09 Aug 15 to Sep 11 96.7% 100% 10 Sep 12 to Oct 09 97.9% 100% 11 Oct 10 to Nov 06 93.4% 100% 12 Nov 07 to Dec 04 92.6% 99.70% 13 Dec 05 to Dec 31 0.00% 0.00% Galway to Dublin track performance results 2015 (Irish Rail 2017) Period Dates Punctuality Reliability 01 Jan 01 to Jan 25 92.2% 99.83% 02 Jan 26 to Feb 22 98% 100% 03 Feb 23 to Mar 22 95.2% 100% 04 Mar 23 to Apr 19 95.8% 100% 05 Apr 20 to May 17 92.6% 100% 06 May 18 to Jun 14 96.9% 100% 07 Jun 15 to Jul 12 95.5% 100% 08 Jul 13 to Aug 09 93.3% 100% 09 Aug 10 to Sep 06 94.9% 100% 10 Sep 07 to Oct 04 96.3% 100% 11 Oct 05 to Nov 01 88.8% 99.07% 12 Nov 02 to Nov 29 80.2% 99.69% 13 Nov 30 to Dec 31 91.5% 100% Galway to Dublin track performance results 2014 (Irish Rail 2017) Period Dates Punctuality Reliability 01 Jan 01 to Jan 26 95.2% 99.83% 02 Jan 27 to Feb 23 91.2% 100% 03 Feb 24 to Mar 23 94.3% 100% 04 Mar 24 to Apr 20 97.7% 100% 05 Apr 21 to May 18 96.1% 100% 06 May 19 to Jun 15 96.5% 100% 07 Jun 16 to Jul 13 94.3% 100% 08 Jul 14 to Aug 10 94.8% 100% 09** Aug 11 to Sep 07 98.6% 100% 10 Sep 08 to Oct 05 95.8% 100% 11 Oct 06 to Nov 02 90.4% 100% 12 Nov 03 to Nov 30 89.8% 100% 13 Dec 01 to Dec 28 96.6% 99.71% (Irish Rail 2017) Design of Experiment In the undertaking of this project the design of the experiments (DoE) objective was to discover if the punctuality (Train Delay) of real time analysis meets the requirements set and if the tasks could be repeated would we get the same results or could the process be improved to achieve better results. In carrying out this experiment the topic choice untaken was to be of significant value to achieve the right information which in turn helps to design the experiment in the right manner otherwise this information could be mixed up with something else such as an observational study (Reilly 2017, pg 109). To differentiate from the above, a design of experiments was sets out to identify causes that may enable us to change the behaviour pattern and help improve the process. In achieving my final results this experiment considered the effect of a factor (Time of Day) on an output response (Different times of the Day). Additionally this experiment placed emphasis on a number of different train times (factor levels) which were randomly selected beforehand consisting of Peak and None peak times during the week. Hypothesis Testing To get a true value one can only assume that what is being relayed by the company is accurate. This should not be taken as being accurate until otherwise proven but one can only assume that the null hypothesis is true. In order to get a true reflection in statistics the theory of testing is called the null hypothesis (H0). Hypothesis is another word for theory, and it is null because at the outset it is neither proven nor disproven (Reilly 2017, pg. 68). In the task being carried out the objective is to prove or disprove that Irish rails punctuality clams mean is at 95% and to show how close or far from the 95% it is. Then you have to ask the question. What is the probability of the data, assuming that the null hypothesis is true, this probability is called the p-value (Reilly 2017, pg. 68).Then using the standard ÃŽÂ ± = 0.05 cut-off, the null hypothesis is rejected when p p > .05 also known as type one and two errors. The Null Hypothesis being asked. The null hypothesis (H0) Different times of the day does not affect the time of day. This means that all the factor levels according to the null hypothesis, that random variation is only present. The alternative hypothesis (H1) Different times of the day does have effect on the time of day. This means that the factor does have an effect on the response and that some of the variation in the response is explained by the factor. Single-Factor Experiments and ANOVA by software For the purpose of this project, A single-factor experiment was to be carried out, which considered the effect of one factor on a response as stated prior. Furthermore, other factors that could affect the arrival time, such as accidents on bridges and extreme weather conditions, where kept constant during this experiment by applying the principles of experiment design. Principles of Experimental Design in this case Replication To get a true measurement for each response three test was carried out for each factor level over two weeks. This then allows you to see how much random variationoccurs in the response even when the factor level remains the same, otherwise known as the error variance (Reilly 2017, pg 109). It must be noted that The term error does not convey as a mistake in this instance but simply takes into account impacts that could affect the overall result such as environmental impacts along with other underling facts for example driver error, trains not leaving stations on time, other trains impacts and peak travel times. Furthermore, it also must be noted that the learning effect should have no effect on the over final results in this case. The learning effects in this instance should not be correlated with random variation as this only amounts to unexplained variation and not with explained variation such as driver training which should be carried out under prior supervision in order to eliminate the learning effect. Randomisation In order to achieve a true reflection of the project in hand, the researcher projects logistics required the experiment to be performed in a random run and not that of fixed method. In order to achieve a fare random selection the researcher randomly picked days of the week Monday to Friday and every first to third day or second to fourth day simultaneously. This in turn allowed each train time on the track equal status over the project phase and not allowing any factor to be more prominent over another during the test regardless of the time permitted by the company Principles of Experimental Design in this case. The reason for this is that there may be some progressive change as stated prior addressing any concerns. Blocking Blocking was taken into account in this case but after the fact and not prior to the random section. This only became apparent to the researcher as the different days of the week could have an effect on the output response, as can be seen in the data below in some small part in this case. To get a true reflection of this the researcher would repeat the test again in a different blocking manner to see if the start of the week output response is greater than the end of the week over a longer period of time as the number of people travelling declines as the week progresses. This is one element of the test if repeated the researcher would look at in more detail. Data Collected from Real- time Analysis Different Time of Day (response) Time Of Day (Factor Levels) MON WED FRI MON WED FRI 06:30 08:41 5 4 5 0 5 4 09:30 12:00 12 6 8 2 4 3 13:05 15:43 7 6 3 0 2 8 15:05 17:42 8 14 1 9 7 3 19:20 21:47 4 -2 8 16 4 1 RESULTS Descriptive Statistics: Different time of the day Variable Levels N N* Mean SE Mean StDev Minimum Q1 Median Different time of the day 06:30 08:41 4 0 4.500 0.289 0.577 4.000 4.000 4.500 06:30 08:41 2 0 2.50 2.50 3.54 0.00 * 2.50 09:30- 12:00 2 0 7.00 5.00 7.07 2.00 * 7.00 09:30 12:00 4 0 5.25 1.11 2.22 3.00 3.25 5.00 13:05 15:43 6 0 4.33 1.28 3.14 0.00 1.50 4.50 15:05 17:42 4 0 5.25 1.93 3.86 1.00 1.50 5.50 15:05 -17:42 2 0 10.50 3.50 4.95 7.00 * 10.50 19:20 21:47 6 0 5.83 2.26 5.53 1.00 1.75 4.00 One-way ANOVA: Different time of the day versus factor Levels 4 in 1 overview Method Null hypothesis All means are equal Alternative hypothesis At least one mean is different Significance level ÃŽÂ ± = 0.05 Equal variances were assumed for the analysis. Factor Information Factor Levels Values Levels 8 06:30 08:41, 06:30 08:41, 09:30- 12:00, 09:30 12:00, 13:05 15:43, 15:05 17:42, 15:05 -17:42, 19:20 21:47 Model Summary S R-sq R-sq(adj) R-sq(pred) 3.98672 19.61% 0.00% 0.00% Means Levels N Mean StDev 95% CI 06:30 08:41 4 4.500 0.577 (0.366, 8.634) 06:30 08:41 2 2.50 3.54 (-3.35, 8.35) 09:30- 12:00 2 7.00 7.07 ( 1.15, 12.85) 09:30 12:00 4 5.25 2.22 ( 1.12, 9.38) 13:05 15:43 6 4.33 3.14 ( 0.96, 7.71) 15:05 17:42 4 5.25 3.86 ( 1.12, 9.38) 15:05 -17:42 2 10.50 4.95 ( 4.65, 16.35) 19:20 21:47 6 5.83 5.53 ( 2.46, 9.21) Pooled StDev = 3.98672 Regression Analysis Analysis of Variance In carrying out the Regression Analysis it is important to understand that the first hypothesis in regression formula is: (H0: ÃŽÂ ² = 0) or more importantly it accounts for the P-Value (Levels) in this case. In addition the null hypothesis states that X is not a useful predictor of Y, or graphically Meaning the H0: ÃŽÂ ² = 0 regression line is horizontal. Subsequently, If the null hypothesis is accepted, it may then indicate that there might be no predictive relationship at all between X and Y, and the analysis is over. But if this null hypothesis is rejected, it indicates that there is a predictive relationship between X and Y, and so it is useful to construct a regression equation for predicting values of Y. The second hypothesis is: H0: ÃŽÂ ± = 0 is not accounted for in this case as there is no constant present in results as stated below (Reilly 2017, pg. 97). Alternatively, If the null hypothesis is accepted, this means that the regression line may pass through the origin or that Y is directly proportional to X, so that any change in X would be matched by an identical percentage change in Y (Reilly 2017, pg. 98). Minitab by software output results as stated bellow. Source DF Adj SS Adj MS F-Value P-Value Levels 7 85.30 12.19 0.77 0.621 Error 22 349.67 15.89 Total 29 434.97 The p-value for levels is 0.621, which is less than 5%, so we reject the hypothesis that the regression line is horizontal in this case. One-way ANOVA individual Observational Data Residuals vs Fits for Different time of the day In this case you can notice that on-peak times have consistently lower scores than the other train times. You also notice that the x-axis marks are unequally spaced. The length between the ticks is proportional to the number of scores (observations) for each arrival time The following observations Noted: The lines near the centre of each line represent the arrival mean. At a glance, you can see that the mean for each arrival looks significantly different. The vertical span of each line represents the 95% confidence interval for the mean of each arrival. Additional Observational Data Normal plot of Residuals for Different time of the day In this case the plot above indicates that the arrival times are reasonably normal. There is some scatter with one outlier; however the points are roughly speaking linear in this instance. Residual Histogram for Different time of the day In this case the result shows that the data are positively skewed (To The right). This means that the trains delay times might be much longer than expected, but could not be much earlier than expected, because the train cannot leave the last station prior to its scheduled time. Residuals vs Order for Different time of the day In this case the time series plot shows a spike, this shows where there was a late arrival outside the expected arrival time before returning to expected level again. This correlates with outlier in the additional data stated above. Conclusion References http://www.irishrail.ie/about-us/train-performance http://www.irishrail.ie/about-us/2014-performance http://www.irishrail.ie/about-us/2015-performance

5 Core Operational Strategies

Unit 3 PowerPoint ProjectIn chapter 6 you learned about the 5 core operational strategies (preventive patrol, routine incident response, emergency response, criminal investigation, problem solving) and 1 ancillary operational strategy (support services) that are employed by law enforcement agencies to fight and reduce crime. This week you are required to create a PowerPoint presentation that meets the following criteria:Summarize the five core operational strategies and the one ancillary operational strategy of law enforcement.Explain how these strategies are used by law enforcement agencies to achieve their crime fighting goals.Your PowerPoint presentation must consist of no fewer than six (6) slides (at least one slide per strategy). The title slide and references slide are not included in this total, and are also required.Please use the PowerPoint Template provided for you as a guide.One reason for this assignment is to help you become familiar with the PowerPoint program itself. If you have never used Microsoft PowerPoint don’t let it worry you.The PowerPoint Resources accessible below, will ease your mind and give you a head start on this project.You will have until the end of Unit 4 to complete your project. Submit your completed PowerPoint project to the dropbox by the end of Unit 4 in the basket titled Unit 3: PowerPoint Project Checklist for Unit 3 Assignment: PowerPoint PresentationCriteria: Ask yourself the following questions.Did you identify and describe the five core operational strategies and the one ancillary operational strategy of law enforcement?Did you explain how law enforcement agencies use these strategies to achieve their crime fighting goals?Is your content complete enough to address the topic and questions?Is there a logical flow to your ideas?Did you present the material in a clear and concise manner to provide easy readability?Did you prepare your project as a PowerPoint document?Did you label your file correctly?Did you check your document for grammar and spelling?Did your meet the presentation’s length requirement (6 slides minimum)?

The On Dell Latitude Laptops - 1455 Words

The procedure was carried out on Dell Latitude laptops provided by Queens University and logging onto Queens Online. The appendix for this experiment was located on a Microsoft Document and used Microsoft PowerPoint 2013 with results recorded on to Microsoft Excel 2013. Procedure Under the Lab Tutors guidance each person logged into ‘Laboratory Practical Classes’ folder found in the ‘PSY1001’ file through Queens Online. Opening folder named Week 8 – Social Psychology Practical, instructions were given on selecting and downloading one of two PowerPoint presentations. Selection was based upon the participant’s date of birth. Control Group 1 was made up of those participants whose date of birth fell between January and June and Control†¦show more content†¦18 dependant variables were required from all 21 participants in this group. The positive and negative responses were correlated and the mean obtained for each. The standard deviation was also calculated for each response. The results show that there was a significant swing towards the positive responses with the mean of 14.71 and a standard deviation of 2.87. The negative responses correlated a mean score of 3.24 with a standard deviation of 2.77. This demonstr ates that just over 70% of those who participated in the Warm control group returned positive responses with both standard deviations within an acceptable level of around 2.8. This is clear evidence that the inclusion of the central trait independent variable of Warm did significantly influence the dependant variable outcome in favour of positive comments thus collaborating Asch’s hypothesis. Control group 2 with dates of birth between July and December (Table 1.2) ADJECTIVE POSITIVE WORDS NEGATIVE WORDS COLD 8.25 9.79 SD 3.23 3.24 SD – Standard Deviation The table 1.2 above shows the number of positiveShow MoreRelatedMarket Trends and Changes in Dell Computer1622 Words   |  7 PagesMarket Trends and Changes in Dell Computers Kim Jones University of Phoenix ECO/365 Dr. Dominic F. Minadeo September 10, 2009 Market Trends and Changes in Dell Computer This paper will describe market trends that Dell Computer may face in the near future. Possible changes will be identified within the following areas; market structure, technology, government regulation, production, cost structure, price elasticity of demand, competitors, supply and demand. This paper will also touchRead MoreInventory Management Systems Essay967 Words   |  4 Pagesof the system, describe the ongoing maintenance that will be required and provide a workflow diagram to illustrate how the system will work. 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